𝘾𝙖𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙤𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙆𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙈𝙪𝙖 𝙆𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨𝙡𝙚𝙮 𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙝𝙚𝙖𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙤𝙖𝙧𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝘿𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝘼𝙛𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙣 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚 & 𝙄𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝘿𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙤𝙥𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙄𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚

𝘼 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙡𝙙-𝙘𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙨 𝙛𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙚𝙣𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙚𝙧,
𝙣𝙚𝙬 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙤𝙖𝙧𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝘿𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙯𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙗𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨 𝙩𝙤𝙜𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 24 𝙢𝙚𝙢𝙗𝙚𝙧 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙝𝙖𝙨 𝙨𝙚𝙩 𝙞𝙩𝙨𝙚𝙡𝙛, 𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙨, 𝙩𝙤 𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙢𝙚𝙢𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙝𝙞𝙥 𝙤𝙛 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝘾𝙀𝙈𝘼𝘾 𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙨.

*𝘼𝙧𝙩𝙝𝙪𝙧 𝙒𝘼𝙉𝘿𝙅𝙄

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝑲𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝑴𝒖𝒂 𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒍𝒆𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑩𝒐𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑨𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆 & 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑫𝑰) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒆-𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎, 𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆. 𝑰𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆, 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕, 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒌 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓 𝒘𝒂𝒔 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 101𝒔𝒕 𝒎𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒊𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒍, 𝒐𝒏 𝑶𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒃𝒆𝒓 5. 𝑯𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒔 𝑫𝒓. 𝒀𝒐𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝑨𝒚𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒘 𝑩𝒊𝒓𝒓𝒖, 𝒘𝒉𝒐 𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒆-𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔.

𝘼𝙛𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙖

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝑲𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝑴𝒖𝒂 𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒍𝒚, 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑫𝑰, 𝒂𝒊𝒎𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑨𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒈𝒍𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒃𝒚 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒍𝒐𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍, 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒃𝒐𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓. 𝑩𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒏𝒗𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒐𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝑲𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝑴𝒖𝒂 𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒍𝒆𝒚 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔, 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔. 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒄 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔, 𝒊𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒂 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕, 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒔. 𝑭𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚, 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈, 𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑫𝑰 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂’𝒔 𝒊𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂 𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒉𝒖𝒃 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔.

𝑨 𝒏𝒐𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝑬𝑴𝑨𝑪 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔

𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒚, 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑴𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝑲𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝑴𝒖𝒂 𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒍𝒆𝒚, 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒂𝒍𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒚 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒊𝒎𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔. 𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒑 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑪𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒄 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝒕𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 24 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒏, 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒄𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒐. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝑪𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑩𝒐𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏’𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒐𝒏: “𝒎𝒚 𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏 𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑫𝑰, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕. 𝑰 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒂𝒊𝒎 𝒕𝒐 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑫𝑰 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂. 𝑰 𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑪𝑬𝑴𝑨𝑪 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓.” 𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝑬𝑴𝑨𝑪 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝒘𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔.

𝙄𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙛𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙚𝙭𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙩

𝑨 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒂𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑲𝒆𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒅𝒚 𝑺𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑮𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑯𝑲𝑺) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔, 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝑲𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝑴𝒖𝒂 𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒍𝒆𝒚 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 25 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅. 𝑯𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒛𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈, 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆, 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒅𝒂. 𝑯𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒉𝒊𝒎 𝒕𝒐 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒑𝒚 𝒔𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉-𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚, 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒌 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 (𝑩𝑬𝑨𝑪) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂.(𝑪𝑶𝑺𝑼𝑴𝑨𝑭), 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒚 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 (𝑼𝑵𝑫𝑷), 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑨𝑫𝑩, 𝑰𝑴𝑭 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒍𝒚, 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 (𝑼𝑵𝑫𝑷). ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑬𝒖𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒌 (𝑬𝑰𝑩) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒃𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑮𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒔. 𝑯𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒖𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 45 𝒃𝒐𝒐𝒌𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 200 𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒆𝒘𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒓𝒔, 𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒍𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆.

𝑨𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝑪𝒉𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒂 𝑾𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒎-𝑺𝒄𝒉𝒓ö𝒅𝒆𝒓, 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒔 𝑽𝒊𝒄𝒆-𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑩𝒐𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔, 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒇𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒓 𝑲𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝑴𝒖𝒂 𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔𝒍𝒆𝒚 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔, 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏. 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍. 𝑰𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒎𝒆𝒆𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑫𝑰 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒋𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝑴𝒐𝒐𝒅𝒚’𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑨3/𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑨2/𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆, 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑺&𝑷 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝑨/𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈, 𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒓𝒈𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒛𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏’𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒄 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.

𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 2001, 𝑨𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆 & 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆’𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒌𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑨𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂. 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒊𝒕 𝒉𝒂𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔-𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒖𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 85 𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑼𝑺 𝒅𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒔, 𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 51,056 𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝑭𝑨 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒔.